Simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams occur as transfer girders, foundation walls in tall buildings, offshore gravity type structures, dams, bridges and many other structures. This is expected because the columns and other members cannot restrain deformations at the ends of the beam. In this paper, results of tests performed, in the Building and Housing Research Center, on eighteen simply supported deep beams are reported. The beams were loaded from the top mid-center. From experimental results, three modes of failure were observed, namely; (1) flexural, (2) shear and (3) bearing. The transition of reinforced concrete beams from ordinary-beam behavior to deep-beam behavior is imprecise for design purposes. Therefore a simple method based on truss analogy is used to analyze the results. This method has been used previously to analyze reinforced concrete deep beams with fixed ends. The method takes into account the strength of concrete and reinforcement. The analysis is capable of predicting the ultimate strength and to some extent the modes of failure. The predicted load and modes of failure for beams with shear failure, compared well with experimental results.

Thinkers and philosophers have constantly benefited from different approaches of reasoning to explore and justify their ideas. Theses reasoning approaches are considered as the principle instruments in speculative activities of the thinkers. To this end to achieve the procedure of thinking and the way philosophers achieve objectives, it is necessary to recognize their reasoning strategies. This article intends to survey on the position of analogy in the thinking of Farabi, and to show how he used this type of analogy as one of his basic reasoning methods in exploring his ideas and thoughts.

Background and objective: The circle of Willis (COW) supports adequate blood supply to the brain. The cardiovascular system, in the current study, is modeled using an equivalent electronic system focusing on the COW.method: In our previous study we used 42 compartments to model whole cardiovascular system. In the current study, nevertheless, we extended our model by using 63 compartments to model whole CS. Each cardiovascular artery is modeled using electrical elements, including resistor, capacitor, and inductor. The MATLAB Simulink software is used to obtain the left and right ventricles pressure as well as pressure distribution at efferent arteries of the circle of Willis. Firstly, the normal operation of the system is shown and then the stenosis of cerebral arteries is induced in the circuit and, consequently, the effects are studied.Results: In the normal condition, the difference between pressure distribution of right and left efferent arteries (left and right ACA–A2, left and right MCA, left and right PCA–P2) is calculated to indicate the effect of anatomical difference between left and right sides of supplying arteries of the COW. In stenosis cases, the effect of internal carotid artery occlusion on efferent arteries pressure is investigated. The modeling results are verified by comparing to the clinical observation reported in the literature.Conclusion: We believe the presented model is a useful tool for representing the normal operation of the cardiovascular system and study of the pathologies.

Project management in software development is one of the most crucial activities as it encompasses the entire software development process from start to finish. Estimating the effort required for software projects is a significant challenge in project management. Managing software projects and consequently estimating their effort for more efficient and impactful management of such projects is necessary and unavoidable. analogy-based estimation in software effort estimation involves comparing new projects to completed ones. However, this method can be ineffective due to variations in feature importance and dependencies. To address this, weights are assigned to features using optimization techniques like meta-heuristic algorithms. Yet, these algorithms may get stuck in local optima, yielding nonoptimal results. An approach to estimate software effort is proposed in this study. It aims to find global optimal feature weights by combining particle swarm and genetics metaheuristic algorithms. This hybrid approach leverages particle motion and composition to enhance solution generation, increasing the likelihood of finding the global optimum and overcoming local optima issues. The algorithm calculates feature weights for project estimation using analogy-based methods. The proposed approach was tested and assessed using two datasets, namely Maxwell and Desharnais. The experimental results indicated an enhancement in the evaluation criteria, including MMRE, MdMRE, and PRED, compared to similar research works.

The optimization process of space structures considering the nonlinear material behavior requires significant computational efforts due to the large number of design variables and the complexities of nonlinear structural analysis. Accordingly, the Force analogy method (FAM) serves as an efficient tool to reduce computational workload and enhance optimization speed. In this study, the weight optimization of space structures in the inelastic region under seismic loading is carried out using the Shuffled Shepherd Optimization Algorithm (SSOA), with the nonlinear structural analysis based on the FAM. To do this, the FAM formulation for axially loaded members of space structures under seismic forces is presented. Subsequently, weight optimization is performed on two double-layer space structures: a flat double-layer structure with 200 members and a barrel vault structure with 729 members under the Kobe earthquake record. Based on the results, the optimized design using the inelastic behavior showed that the FAM provided accurate results when compared to the precise nonlinear structural analysis. The optimized design based on the FAM is considered acceptable, and the computational time for the optimization process has been significantly reduced.